02618nas a2200361   4500000000100000008004100001653001000042653002700052653002800079653001100107653001900118653001100137653001400148653004000162653001500202653001700217653001800234653001300252653001600265100001300281700001400294700001700308700001400325700001700339700001500356700001400371700001200385245013400397300001200531490000700543520169200550022001402242       2014                            d10aAdult10aAnti-Retroviral Agents10aCross-Sectional Studies10aFemale10aHIV Infections10aHumans10aPregnancy10aPregnancy Complications, Infectious10aPrevalence10aRisk Factors10aSkin Diseases10aTanzania10aYoung Adult1 aShayo GA1 aMoshiro C1 aSpiegelman D1 aMugusi FM1 aChalamilla G1 aMsamanga G1 aHawkins C1 aFawzi W00aPrevalence and risk factors for skin diseases among antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.  a1249-580 v533 a<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Reduced cell-mediated immunity associated with pregnancy may cause a flaring or exacerbation of some skin conditions. Little is known about the magnitude of and risk factors for skin diseases among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected antiretroviral therapy-naïve pregnant women.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>Cross-sectional study of 1078 HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy-naïve pregnant women was conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Skin diagnoses were mainly clinical. Log-binomial regression models were used to explore factors associated with the outcomes.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>About 84% of the women were in World Health Organization (WHO) HIV stage I. Median CD4(+) count was 405&nbsp;×&nbsp;10(6) &nbsp;cells/l. The prevalence of any skin disease was 18%. Fungal infections (11%), genital ulcers (7%), and viral infections (5%) were the most common skin conditions. Skin infections were 2.64 times more common in HIV stage III (95% CI 1.51-4.62) compared to stage I. Fungal infections were 1.77 times common among single, divorced, and widowed women than among married women (95% CI 1.16-2.69), 2.8 times common among women in HIV stage III (95% CI 1.18-6.64) compared to stage I. Genital ulcers were significantly more common among women whose source of income was their own compared with those who got full support from partners, and among WHO HIV stage III disease compared to stage I.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The burden of skin diseases was relatively low. Advanced HIV stage was associated with a range of skin conditions. CD4(+) cell count was not related to skin infection prevalence.</p>
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