01958nas a2200217   4500000000100000008004100001260001200042653001600054653003500070653001500105100000900120700001200129700001100141700000900152700001000161700000900171245008500180856010300265520135800368022001401726       2023                            d  c12/202310aBCG vaccine10aOff-target effects of vaccines10aInfections1 aWu Y1 aZhang X1 aZhou L1 aLu J1 aZhu F1 aLi J00aResearch progress in the off-target effects of Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine.  uhttps://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/9900/research_progress_in_the_off_target_effects_of.891.aspx3 a<p>Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is designed to provide protection against tuberculosis (TB). However, numerous epidemiological, clinical, and immunological studies have shown that BCG vaccination affects neonatal and infant mortality, which may be related to the reduction of TB-unrelated infections and diseases by BCG vaccine. We aimed to discuss the off-target effects of BCG vaccine on un-TB infections and diseases, as well as the potential mechanism and influencing factors. Literature was retrieved mainly from PubMed using medical subject headings "BCG, variations, and non-specific, heterologous or off-target". Studies have showed that BCG vaccination can prevent various heterologous infections, including respiratory tract infections, leprosy, and malaria, treat viral infections including human papillomavirus and herpes simplex virus infection as immunotherapy, and improve the immune responses as vaccine adjuvant. Besides, BCG vaccine can reduce the recurrence rate of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and may provide protection against autoimmune diseases. These off-target effects of BCG vaccine are thought to be achieved by modulating heterologous lymphocyte responses or inducing trained immunity, which were found to be sex-differentiated and affected by the BCG vaccine strains, sequence or time of vaccination.</p>
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