Understanding Leprosy: An Overview of Hansen's Disease

Leprosy, or Hansen’s disease, is a chronic granulomatous infection primarily caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Despite its historical stigma and common misconceptions about high contagion, leprosy is not highly transmissible and is effectively treatable. This review explores the pathophysiology of leprosy, emphasizing how M. leprae affects peripheral nerves, and discusses various risk factors, including genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and immunosuppression. Additionally, the review examines the global epidemiology of leprosy, highlighting recent trends, ongoing challenges, and the importance of early diagnosis and intervention. Understanding these aspects is crucial for improving management strategies and advancing global eradication efforts.